Numerical Integration

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Numerical integration refers to all the procedures, algorithms and techniques in the numerical analysis to obtain an approximate solution to a definite integral.

That is, how to obtain a numerical value of:

\int_{\lambda_a}^{\lambda_b}\! f(\lambda)\, d\lambda.

where \lambda \, can be a 1D, 2D or 3D domain.


For our interest in the Finite Element Method, the purpose is to describe how the element matrices can be integrated numerically.


Gauss-Legendre Numerical Integration

To fix the most basic concepts on Numerical Integration, we will focus our description on a one dimensional integration using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature, that is, to solve:

I=\int_{-1}^{+1} f(\xi) d\xi


The Gauss-Legendre quadrature establish that the definite integral of a function can be approximate by using a weighted sum of function values at specified points within the domain of integration. An p-point Gaussian quadrature rule is constructed to yield an exact result for polynomials of degree 2p − 1 or less by a suitable choice of the points   \xi_i \,   and weights   w_i \,   for   i = 1, \cdots p \,.


\int_{-1}^{+1} f(\xi)\,d\xi \approx \sum_{i=1}^p w_i f(\xi_i)


The coordinates and related weights are:


Number of points, p Points, ±ξi Weights, wi
1\, 0.0 \, 2.0\,
2\, \pm\sqrt{1/3} 1.0\,
3\, 0.0 \, \frac{8}{9}
\pm\sqrt{3/5} \frac{5}{9}
4\, \pm\sqrt{\Big( 3 - 2\sqrt{6/5} \Big)/7} \tfrac{18+\sqrt{30}}{36}
\pm\sqrt{\Big( 3 + 2\sqrt{6/5} \Big)/7} \tfrac{18-\sqrt{30}}{36}
5\, 0.0 \, \frac{128}{225}
\pm\tfrac13\sqrt{5-2\sqrt{10/7}} \tfrac{322+13\sqrt{70}}{900}
\pm\tfrac13\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{10/7}} \tfrac{322-13\sqrt{70}}{900}


or, using numerical values:


Number of points, p Points, ±ξi Weights, wi
1 0.0 2.0
2 0.5773502692 1.0
3 0.0 0.8888888889
0.774596697 0.5555555556
4 0.3399810436 0.6521451549
0.8611363116 0.3478548451
5 0.0 0.5688888889
0.5384693101 0.4786286705
0.9061798459 0.2369268851
6 0.2386191861 0.4679139346
0.6612093865 0.3607615730
0.9324695142 0.1713244924
7 0.0 0.4179591837
0.4058451514 0.3818300505
0.7415311856 0.2797053915
0.9491079123 0.1294849662
8 0.1834346425 0.3626837834
0.5255324099 0.3137066459
0.7966664774 0.2223810345
0.9602898565 0.1012285636


Example of a one dimensional integration

For the function: f(x)=1+x+x^2+x^3+x^4 \,, the exact integration in [-1,+1] is:

I=\int_{-1}^{+1} f(x) dx = \left . \left ( x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{x^5}{5} \right ) \right |_{-1}^{+1} = 2 + 2 \frac{1}{3} + 2 \frac{1}{5} = 3.0666

References

  1. Carlos A. Felippa, "A compendium of FEM integration formulas for symbolic work", Engineering Computations, Vol. 21 No. 8, 2004, pp. 867-890, (c) Emerald Group Publishing Limited [1]
  2. Numerical Integration
  3. Gaussian Quadrature

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